Melanoma

Melanoma primarily results from prolonged exposure to sunlight, which induces damage to melanocyte DNA. This is a critical factor as melanocyte DNA acts as the blueprint for generating the next generation of melanocytes. Repair abilities for sun damage vary widely among individuals and are likely inherited. Individuals with extensive sun exposure and limited repair ability are predisposed to melanoma, whereas those with minimal sun exposure and robust repair mechanisms are less prone to its development.

Individuals with fair skin, light hair, or light eyes are at the highest risk of developing melanoma, especially if they have a history of frequent sun exposure. Occupations that involve extended periods outdoors or considerable leisure time in the sun pose a particular risk. Conversely, dark-skinned individuals are less likely to develop melanoma. Additionally, those with a personal or family history of melanoma have an increased likelihood of developing the condition.

The prognosis of melanoma hinges on various factors unique to each case, with thickness being a paramount variable. Thick melanomas pose greater dangers as they have increased access to vessels that may facilitate spread (metastasis). Knowledge of melanoma thickness not only allows surgeons to educate patients on their prognosis but also guides the formulation of an optimal treatment plan tailored to the unique characteristics of each case.

Melanoma manifests in diverse appearances, underscoring the importance of regular skin examinations. Dermatologists recommend regular self-skin checks, with attention to hard-to-see areas. Changes in moles, such as asymmetry, irregular borders, color variations, and diameter, can indicate potential melanoma. Early detection through regular monitoring is key to identifying smaller and thinner melanomas.

Some melanomas develop from preexisting moles, a common occurrence given that most individuals have at least one mole on their body. Those with many moles (greater than 100) or atypical moles are at an increased risk of developing melanoma. Atypical moles are often larger with irregular shapes and uneven color. Recognizing the early warning signs involves understanding the ABCD’s—Asymmetry, Borders, Color, and Diameter. Changes in these characteristics should prompt prompt evaluation by a dermatologist.

Diagnosis involves a biopsy, where a sample of the suspicious area is removed and examined under a microscope. Dermatologists use the ABCDE rule (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variations, Diameter larger than 6mm, Evolution or change) to assess whether a mole may be melanoma. Regular skin examinations and prompt evaluation of changes are crucial in ensuring early detection and effective management.